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This page is about the robots nicknamed “Elektro”. For the electronic music genres, see electro-industrial and electro music. For the Marvel Comics character, see Elektro (comics). For the Dan Dare robots, see Elektrobot.
Elektro is the nickname of a robot built by the Pittsburgh-based Westinghouse Electric Corporation in its Mansfield, Ohio facility between 1937 and 1938. Seven feet tall, weighing 265 pounds, humanoid in appearance, he could walk by voice command, speak about 700 words (using a 78-rpm record player), smoke cigarettes, blow up balloons, and move his head and arms. Elektro’s body consisted of a steel gear, cam and motor skeleton covered by an aluminum skin. His photoelectric “eyes” could distinguish red and green light. He was on exhibit at the 1939 New York World’s Fair and reappeared at that fair in 1940, with “Sparko”, a robot dog that could bark, sit, and beg.
Elektro toured North America in 1950 in promotional appearances for Westinghouse, and was displayed at Pacific Ocean Park in Venice, California in the late fifties and early sixties. He also appeared as “Thinko”, in a 1960 film, Sex Kittens Go to College, which starred Mamie Van Doren and Tuesday Weld. In the 1960s, his head was given to a retiring Westinghouse engineer and his body was sold for scrap.[citation needed]
In 1992, the dance band Meat Beat Manifesto produced the song “Original Control (Version 2)” which prominently featured snippets of Elektro’s monologues, quoting lines such as “I am Elektro” and “My brain is bigger than yours”.
Elektro survived the scrap pile and is being restored by Jack Weeks. It is currently the property of the Mansfield Memorial Museum. External links
Photo and document gallery from a former Westinghouse employee
Elektro commentary
Free Times article
You-Tube Video footage of Elektro at the 1939 World’s Fair
The Middleton Family at the New York World’s Fair (1939) Shows entire Elektro demo starting at 34 minutes into movie. See also
Electro (disambiguation)
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v  d  e Categories: New York City World’s Fairs | Historical robots | Mansfield, Ohio | Robotics stubsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007

Parameters and features
Sampling frequency 8 kHz/16 bit (160 samples for 20 ms frames, 240 samples for 30 ms frames)
Controlled response to packet loss, delay and jitter
Fixed bitrate (15.2 kbit/s for 20 ms frames, 13.33 kbit/s for 30 ms frames)
Fixed frame size (304 bits per block for 20 ms frames, 400 bits per block for 30 ms frames)
Robustness similar to pulse code modulation (PCM) with packet loss concealment, like the ITU-T G.711
CPU load similar to G.729A, with higher basic quality and better response to packet loss
Royalty-free
Commercial use of the source code supplied by GIPS requires a license
PSQM testing under ideal conditions yields mean opinion scores of 4.14 for iLBC (15.2 kbit/s), compared to 4.45 for G.711 (u-law) See also
RTP audio video profile
Comparison of audio codecs References
^ Global IP Solutions iLBC Freeware Public License (HTML) External links
iLBC homepage
Global IP Solutions homepage
v  d  e
Multimedia compression formats
Video compression
ISO/IEC
MJPEG  Motion JPEG 2000  MPEG-1  MPEG-2 (Part 2)  MPEG-4 (Part 2/ASP  Part 10/AVC)  HVC
ITU-T
H.120  H.261  H.262  H.263  H.264  H.265
Others
AMV  AVS  Bink  CineForm  Cinepak  Dirac  DV  Indeo  OMS Video  Pixlet  RealVideo  RTVideo  SheerVideo  Smacker  Sorenson Video  Theora  VC-1  VP6  VP7  VP8  WMV   XVD
Audio compression
ISO/IEC
MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)  MPEG-1 Layer II  MPEG-1 Layer I  AAC  HE-AAC  MPEG-4 ALS  MPEG-4 SLS  MPEG-4 DST
ITU-T
G.711  G.718  G.719  G.722  G.722.1  G.722.2  G.723  G.723.1  G.726  G.728  G.729  G.729.1
Others
AC3  AMR  AMR-WB  AMR-WB+  Apple Lossless  ATRAC  DRA  FLAC  GSM-FR  GSM-EFR  iLBC  Monkey’s Audio  -law  Musepack  Nellymoser  OptimFROG  RealAudio  RTAudio  SHN  SILK  Siren  Speex  TwinVQ  Vorbis  WavPack  WMA  True Audio
Image compression
ISO/IEC/ITU-T
JPEG  JPEG 2000  JPEG XR  lossless JPEG  JBIG  JBIG2  PNG  WBMP
Others
APNG  BMP  DjVu  EXR  GIF  ICER  ILBM  MNG  PCX  PGF  TGA  TIFF
Media containers
General
3GP  ASF  AVI  Bink  DMF  DPX  EVO  FLV  GXF  M2TS   Matroska  MPEG-PS  MPEG-TS  MP4  MXF   Ogg  QuickTime  RealMedia  RIFF  Smacker  VOB
Audio only
AIFF  AU  WAV
See Compression methods for methods and Compression software implementations for codecs
v  d  e
Data compression software implementations
Video compression
(Comparison)
MPEG-4 ASP
3ivx  DivX  Nero Digital  FFmpeg MPEG-4  HDX4  Xvid
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
CoreAVC   Blu-code   DivX H.264   Nero Digital AVC   QuickTime H.264  x264
Lossless
CorePNG  FFV1   Huffyuv  Lagarith  MSU Lossless   SheerVideo
Others
CineForm  Cinepak  DNxHD  Helix DNA Producer  Indeo  libavcodec  Schrdinger (Dirac)  SBC  Sorenson  VP7  libtheora  Windows Media Encoder
Audio compression
(Comparison)
Lossy
Freeware Advanced Audio Coder (FAAC)  Helix DNA Producer  l3enc  LAME  TooLAME  libavcodec  libcelt  libspeex  Musepack  libvorbis  Windows Media Encoder
Lossless
FLAC  ALAC  Monkey’s Audio  OptimFROG  TTA   WavPack
Archivers
(Comparison)
Free software
7-Zip  Ark  bzip2  compress  File Roller  gzip  Info-ZIP  KGB Archiver  lzop  PAQ  PeaZip  The Unarchiver  tar  Xarchiver
Freeware
7zX  DGCA  Filzip  IZArc  LHA  StuffIt Expander (decompression only)   TUGZip  UHarc/WinUHA  Zipeg  ZipGenius
Proprietary
ARC  ALZip  Archive Utility  ARJ  Astrotite  JAR  MacBinary  PKZIP/SecureZIP  PowerArchiver  Squeez  StuffIt  WinAce  WinRAR  WinZip
Command line
ARC  ARJ  JAR  Info-ZIP  LHA  lzop  PAQ  PKZIP  RAR  UPX  UHarc  tar
See Compression methods for methods and Compression formats for formats
This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v  d  e Categories: Speech codecs | Audio codecs | Technology stubs

Low alloy steel
Low alloy steels are usually used to achieve better hardenability, which in turn improves its other mechanical properties. They are also used to increase corrosion resistance in certain environmental conditions.
With medium to high carbon levels, low alloy steel is difficult to weld. Lowering the carbon content to the range of 0.10% to 0.30%, along with some reduction in alloying elements, increases the weldability and formability of the steel while maintaining its strength. Such a metal is classed as a high-strength low-alloy steel.
Some common low alloy steels are:
D6AC
300M
256A
Principal low alloy steels
SAE designation
Composition
13xx
Mn 1.75%
40xx
Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0.042% S
41xx
Cr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.30%
43xx
Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, Mo 0.25%
44xx
Mo 0.40% or 0.52%
46xx
Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25%
47xx
Ni 1.05%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.20% or 0.35%
48xx
Ni 3.50%, Mo 0.25%
50xx
Cr 0.27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65%
50xxx
Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min
50Bxx
Cr 0.28% or 0.50%
51xx
Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05%
51xxx
Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min
51Bxx
Cr 0.80%
52xxx
Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min
61xx
Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min
86xx
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.20%
87xx
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.25%
88xx
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.35%
92xx
Si 1.40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00% or 0.65%
94Bxx
Ni 0.45%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12% Material science
Alloying elements are added to achieve certain properties in the material. As a guideline, alloying elements are added in lower percentages (less than 5%) to increase strength or hardenability, or in larger percentages (over 5%) to achieve special properties, such as corrosion resistance or extreme temperature stability.
Manganese, silicon, or aluminium are added during the steelmaking process to remove dissolved oxygen from the melt. Manganese, silicon, nickel, and copper are added to increase strength by forming solid solutions in ferrite. Chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten increase strength by forming second-phase carbides. Nickel and copper improve corrosion resistance in small quantities. Molybdenum helps to resist embrittlement. Zirconium, cerium, and calcium increase toughness by controlling the shape of inclusions. Manganese sulfide, lead, bismuth, selenium, and tellurium increase machinability.
The alloying elements tend to either form compounds or carbides. Nickel is very soluble in ferrite, therefore it forms compounds, usually Ni3Al. Aluminium dissolves in the ferrite and forms the compounds Al2O3 and AlN. Silicon is also very soluble and usually forms the compound SiO2MxOy. Manganese mostly dissolves in ferrite forming the compounds MnS, MnOSiO2, but will also form carbides in the form of (Fe,Mn)3C. Chromium forms partitions between the ferrite and carbide phases in steel, forming (Fe,Cr3)C, Cr7C3, and Cr23C6. The type of carbide that chromium forms depends on the amount of carbon and other types of alloying elements present. Tungsten and molybdenum form carbides if there is enough carbon and an absence of stronger carbide forming elements (i.e. titanium & niobium), they form the carbides Mo2C and W2C, respectively. Vanadium, titanium, and niobium are strong carbide forming elements, forming the carbides V3C3, TiC, and NiC, respectively.
Alloying elements also have an effect on the eutectoid temperature of the steel. Manganese and nickel lower the eutectoid temperature and are known as austenite stabilizing elements. With enough of these elements the austenitic structure may be obtained at room temperature. Carbide forming elements raise the eutectoid temperature; these elements are known as ferrite stabilizing elements.
Principal effects of major alloying elements for steel
Element
Percentage
Primary function
Aluminium
0.951.30
Alloying element in nitriding steels
Bismuth
-
Improves machinability
Boron
0.0010.003
Powerful hardenability agent
Chromium
0.52
Increases hardenability
418
Corrosion resistance
Copper
0.10.4
Corrosion resistance
Lead
-
Improves machinability
Manganese
0.250.40
Combines with sulfur to prevent brittleness
>1
Increases hardenability by lowering transformation points and causing transformations to be sluggish
Molybdenum
0.25
Stable carbides; inhibits grain growth
Nickel
25
Toughener
1220
Corrosion resistance
Silicon
0.20.7
Increases strength
2
Spring steels
Higher percentages
Improves magnetic properties
Sulfur
0.080.15
Free-machining properties
Titanium
-
Fixes carbon in inert particles; reduces martensitic hardness in chromium steels
Tungsten
-
Hardness at high temperatures
Vanadium
0.15
Stable carbides; increases strength while retaining ductility; promotes fine grain structure See also
HSLA steel
Microalloyed steel
SAE steel grades
Reynolds 531 References Notes
^ Smith, p. 393.
^ a b Degarmo, p. 112.
^ Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel, http://www.key-to-steel.com/Articles/Art62.htm, retrieved 2008-09-25 .
^ Smith, p. 394.
^ Degarmo, p. 113.
^ Smith, pp. 394-395.
^ Smith, pp. 395-396
^ Degarmo, p. 114. Bibliography
Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4 .
Groover, M. P., 2007, p. 105-106, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes and Systems, 3rd ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, ISBN 978-0-471-74485-6.
Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2001), Foundations of Material Science and Engineering (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, p. 394, ISBN 0-07-295358-6  Categories: Steels

A CNC manufacturer is your ultimate source of an efficient CNC machine. If you want to benefit from the best make sure that you find a good manufacturer.

Most of the manufacturing companies are busy employing CNC or compute numerical control technology in their production processes for enhanced effect. The integration of CNC in a production unit is a great way to enhance the flexibility and performance of CAD or computer aided design and CAM (computer aided manufacturing) chain. Hence, there is also a greater effect on the competitive levels of such companies.

When compared, the hardware capacities of CNC systems have significantly improved in the last few decades. This is not all. The software elements have also been upgraded effectively in order to facilitate the enhancement seen on the latest line of CNC machines.

The passive approach adopted by most of the CNC manufacturers, these days has resulted in a lot of incompatibilities among varied CAM, CAD and CAM solutions available in the industry for the customers.

Hence, it is very important to opt for a machine coming from a CNC manufacturer that abide by all the industry standards and believe in providing the latest that?s available under the category of these machines.

Here are some of the considerations you need to keep in mind when deciding on a CNC manufacturer to purchase the best machine available for the job:

Quality: The quality of a CNC machine is of utmost importance. Make sure that the CNC manufacturer put in all possible efforts to make sure that the machine is delivered to a client in impeccable condition. There should be a sure shot guarantee for quality. The CNC manufacturer needs to follow all the quality control regulations set by the industry and keeps up to national and global standards. You need to check out that the manufacturing materials are tested to perfection and exactly match industry standards. The process of manufacture must also take place under strict and expert supervision of experienced technicians. The finished products need to go through an analysis phase to detect any existing faults.

Infrastructure: The infrastructure of a CNC making machines speaks volumes about the quality of the machine. The infrastructure should incorporate experienced technicians, many workers and finest of machinery. The warehouse of the CNC manufacturing company should be efficacious enough to store a huge amount of products according to the requirements of the clients.

Clientele: The clientele a CNC manufacturer holds will also tell you a lot about the quality of machine he sells to the customers. You must ask for some of their existing and valued clients. If possible, you need to ask for some references. This will provide you an idea of people?s review about the CNC machines.

Following and keeping mind all the tips mentioned above will let you find out a CNC manufacturer who provides the best and most efficient machines for your business.