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Parameters and features
Sampling frequency 8 kHz/16 bit (160 samples for 20 ms frames, 240 samples for 30 ms frames)
Controlled response to packet loss, delay and jitter
Fixed bitrate (15.2 kbit/s for 20 ms frames, 13.33 kbit/s for 30 ms frames)
Fixed frame size (304 bits per block for 20 ms frames, 400 bits per block for 30 ms frames)
Robustness similar to pulse code modulation (PCM) with packet loss concealment, like the ITU-T G.711
CPU load similar to G.729A, with higher basic quality and better response to packet loss
Royalty-free
Commercial use of the source code supplied by GIPS requires a license
PSQM testing under ideal conditions yields mean opinion scores of 4.14 for iLBC (15.2 kbit/s), compared to 4.45 for G.711 (u-law) See also
RTP audio video profile
Comparison of audio codecs References
^ Global IP Solutions iLBC Freeware Public License (HTML) External links
iLBC homepage
Global IP Solutions homepage
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Multimedia compression formats
Video compression
ISO/IEC
MJPEG  Motion JPEG 2000  MPEG-1  MPEG-2 (Part 2)  MPEG-4 (Part 2/ASP  Part 10/AVC)  HVC
ITU-T
H.120  H.261  H.262  H.263  H.264  H.265
Others
AMV  AVS  Bink  CineForm  Cinepak  Dirac  DV  Indeo  OMS Video  Pixlet  RealVideo  RTVideo  SheerVideo  Smacker  Sorenson Video  Theora  VC-1  VP6  VP7  VP8  WMV   XVD
Audio compression
ISO/IEC
MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)  MPEG-1 Layer II  MPEG-1 Layer I  AAC  HE-AAC  MPEG-4 ALS  MPEG-4 SLS  MPEG-4 DST
ITU-T
G.711  G.718  G.719  G.722  G.722.1  G.722.2  G.723  G.723.1  G.726  G.728  G.729  G.729.1
Others
AC3  AMR  AMR-WB  AMR-WB+  Apple Lossless  ATRAC  DRA  FLAC  GSM-FR  GSM-EFR  iLBC  Monkey’s Audio  -law  Musepack  Nellymoser  OptimFROG  RealAudio  RTAudio  SHN  SILK  Siren  Speex  TwinVQ  Vorbis  WavPack  WMA  True Audio
Image compression
ISO/IEC/ITU-T
JPEG  JPEG 2000  JPEG XR  lossless JPEG  JBIG  JBIG2  PNG  WBMP
Others
APNG  BMP  DjVu  EXR  GIF  ICER  ILBM  MNG  PCX  PGF  TGA  TIFF
Media containers
General
3GP  ASF  AVI  Bink  DMF  DPX  EVO  FLV  GXF  M2TS   Matroska  MPEG-PS  MPEG-TS  MP4  MXF   Ogg  QuickTime  RealMedia  RIFF  Smacker  VOB
Audio only
AIFF  AU  WAV
See Compression methods for methods and Compression software implementations for codecs
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Data compression software implementations
Video compression
(Comparison)
MPEG-4 ASP
3ivx  DivX  Nero Digital  FFmpeg MPEG-4  HDX4  Xvid
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
CoreAVC   Blu-code   DivX H.264   Nero Digital AVC   QuickTime H.264  x264
Lossless
CorePNG  FFV1   Huffyuv  Lagarith  MSU Lossless   SheerVideo
Others
CineForm  Cinepak  DNxHD  Helix DNA Producer  Indeo  libavcodec  Schrdinger (Dirac)  SBC  Sorenson  VP7  libtheora  Windows Media Encoder
Audio compression
(Comparison)
Lossy
Freeware Advanced Audio Coder (FAAC)  Helix DNA Producer  l3enc  LAME  TooLAME  libavcodec  libcelt  libspeex  Musepack  libvorbis  Windows Media Encoder
Lossless
FLAC  ALAC  Monkey’s Audio  OptimFROG  TTA   WavPack
Archivers
(Comparison)
Free software
7-Zip  Ark  bzip2  compress  File Roller  gzip  Info-ZIP  KGB Archiver  lzop  PAQ  PeaZip  The Unarchiver  tar  Xarchiver
Freeware
7zX  DGCA  Filzip  IZArc  LHA  StuffIt Expander (decompression only)   TUGZip  UHarc/WinUHA  Zipeg  ZipGenius
Proprietary
ARC  ALZip  Archive Utility  ARJ  Astrotite  JAR  MacBinary  PKZIP/SecureZIP  PowerArchiver  Squeez  StuffIt  WinAce  WinRAR  WinZip
Command line
ARC  ARJ  JAR  Info-ZIP  LHA  lzop  PAQ  PKZIP  RAR  UPX  UHarc  tar
See Compression methods for methods and Compression formats for formats
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v  d  e Categories: Speech codecs | Audio codecs | Technology stubs

By the downstream Car , Construction Machinery , Electrical equipment and aerospace industry product demand growth has, Machine tool Industry is experiencing accelerated warming trend. China Securities Journal reporter learned that, at present, a lot of construction machinery and equipment category Power Grid Company is intensity of technological transformation, have added a large heavy equipment dedicated milling machine. Required for the development of large aircraft aluminum alloy high-speed cutting machines and cutting machines are also difficult to process materials as in hot demand.

Affected the machine plate Qinchuan development (000 837), the Shenyang Machine Tool (000 410) and others have orders in hand more than the guaranteed performance.

Downstream warming demand driving machine The secondary market, the development of the recent gains Qinchuan obvious, from the end of March the upside to the current 11 yuan to 14 yuan, up 27.2% gain in 10 trading days. Shenyang Machine Tool were up in 10 days or more than 30%.

Qinchuan Development Office, said the person, company orders full. This year will further expand the field of grinding machine in the car market share, while increasing composite machining center Sell Efforts, there are some new products will be introduced. In addition, the company will also increase with the machine tool manufacturing-related services-based business development. These are the company’s new profit growth point.

Qinchuan development report shows that the top ten shareholders of circulation share of seats all the institutions, there are two combinations of social security. Number of Shareholders by the end of the third quarter, 4.82 million shares plunged to the end of 33 400, chips concentration was evident. Shenyang Machine Tool very high proportion of institutional ownership, the first quarter of this year, four new entrants, including Social Security Fund 102 Portfolio, the Oil Annuity, and the two funds.

A quarterly Shenyang Machine Tool Show, the company achieved a sales income of 1.958 billion yuan quarter, up 69.94%; 30.27 million yuan net profit attributable to parent company, equivalent to earnings per share of 0.06 yuan, a year earlier loss of 0.05 yuan per share, inversion results significantly.

Shenyang Machine Tool recently also adopted Placements, the company prepared to not more than 200 million additional shares, and fund-raising not more than 2.1525 billion yuan for the construction of a major base for NC machine tools, CNC lathes New CAK technical innovation, CNC machine tools technical innovation and the return of the core features of bank loans to four projects.

Nanjing Securities, said researcher Yin Jianhui, Shenyang Machine Tool in 2009 output was only 56% of NC, and the relative development and Kunming Machine Tool Qinchuan more than 80% of the low rate of NC. Expected that with the “new five” products listed, as well as additional input to the project after the company, the company is expected to be 2-4 years more than 80% of Japanese, German machine tool company average.

Have researchers believe that higher margin Shenyang Machine Tool CNC Machine Tool production capacity expansion in two years, more than 2 times.

CNC machine tools worth the wait

Lower demand in the machine tool industry, automotive and construction machinery accounted for more than 50%, military, and aerospace are also accounted for about 20%. In addition, large power grid devices also need various types of heavy machine tools. It is learned that heavy demand for machine tools rose sharply, especially in heavy-duty CNC milling machine, boring bar diameter of 250mm above floor large CNC boring and milling machine, CNC machining diameter and 16m heavy duty vertical lathes, machining diameter of 4m-5m, 14m-18m length processing CNC heavy duty horizontal lathe and blade root slot milling machine, etc. NC Special.

Strong sales as downstream demand industries, machine tool sales in 2010 are expected to improve, especially high value CNC machine tools more worth the wait.

2010 from January to February, China’s production and export of CNC machine tools were improved: total exports of metal working machines 272.767 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 14.8%; CNC machine tool exports of 6,161,700 U.S. dollars total, an increase of 32.37%. The first quarter of this year, the Shenyang Machine Tool new order contract 2.6 billion, up 100%, maintained since the February 2009 monthly growth trend.

Matsuura LX0 5AX, a 5 axis linear motor CNc machine capable of 90 metres a minute feedrates & possessing a 40000rpm Spindle. Ultra High Speed machining at its best.

Low alloy steel
Low alloy steels are usually used to achieve better hardenability, which in turn improves its other mechanical properties. They are also used to increase corrosion resistance in certain environmental conditions.
With medium to high carbon levels, low alloy steel is difficult to weld. Lowering the carbon content to the range of 0.10% to 0.30%, along with some reduction in alloying elements, increases the weldability and formability of the steel while maintaining its strength. Such a metal is classed as a high-strength low-alloy steel.
Some common low alloy steels are:
D6AC
300M
256A
Principal low alloy steels
SAE designation
Composition
13xx
Mn 1.75%
40xx
Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0.042% S
41xx
Cr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.30%
43xx
Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, Mo 0.25%
44xx
Mo 0.40% or 0.52%
46xx
Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25%
47xx
Ni 1.05%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.20% or 0.35%
48xx
Ni 3.50%, Mo 0.25%
50xx
Cr 0.27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65%
50xxx
Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min
50Bxx
Cr 0.28% or 0.50%
51xx
Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05%
51xxx
Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min
51Bxx
Cr 0.80%
52xxx
Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min
61xx
Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min
86xx
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.20%
87xx
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.25%
88xx
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.35%
92xx
Si 1.40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00% or 0.65%
94Bxx
Ni 0.45%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12% Material science
Alloying elements are added to achieve certain properties in the material. As a guideline, alloying elements are added in lower percentages (less than 5%) to increase strength or hardenability, or in larger percentages (over 5%) to achieve special properties, such as corrosion resistance or extreme temperature stability.
Manganese, silicon, or aluminium are added during the steelmaking process to remove dissolved oxygen from the melt. Manganese, silicon, nickel, and copper are added to increase strength by forming solid solutions in ferrite. Chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten increase strength by forming second-phase carbides. Nickel and copper improve corrosion resistance in small quantities. Molybdenum helps to resist embrittlement. Zirconium, cerium, and calcium increase toughness by controlling the shape of inclusions. Manganese sulfide, lead, bismuth, selenium, and tellurium increase machinability.
The alloying elements tend to either form compounds or carbides. Nickel is very soluble in ferrite, therefore it forms compounds, usually Ni3Al. Aluminium dissolves in the ferrite and forms the compounds Al2O3 and AlN. Silicon is also very soluble and usually forms the compound SiO2MxOy. Manganese mostly dissolves in ferrite forming the compounds MnS, MnOSiO2, but will also form carbides in the form of (Fe,Mn)3C. Chromium forms partitions between the ferrite and carbide phases in steel, forming (Fe,Cr3)C, Cr7C3, and Cr23C6. The type of carbide that chromium forms depends on the amount of carbon and other types of alloying elements present. Tungsten and molybdenum form carbides if there is enough carbon and an absence of stronger carbide forming elements (i.e. titanium & niobium), they form the carbides Mo2C and W2C, respectively. Vanadium, titanium, and niobium are strong carbide forming elements, forming the carbides V3C3, TiC, and NiC, respectively.
Alloying elements also have an effect on the eutectoid temperature of the steel. Manganese and nickel lower the eutectoid temperature and are known as austenite stabilizing elements. With enough of these elements the austenitic structure may be obtained at room temperature. Carbide forming elements raise the eutectoid temperature; these elements are known as ferrite stabilizing elements.
Principal effects of major alloying elements for steel
Element
Percentage
Primary function
Aluminium
0.951.30
Alloying element in nitriding steels
Bismuth
-
Improves machinability
Boron
0.0010.003
Powerful hardenability agent
Chromium
0.52
Increases hardenability
418
Corrosion resistance
Copper
0.10.4
Corrosion resistance
Lead
-
Improves machinability
Manganese
0.250.40
Combines with sulfur to prevent brittleness
>1
Increases hardenability by lowering transformation points and causing transformations to be sluggish
Molybdenum
0.25
Stable carbides; inhibits grain growth
Nickel
25
Toughener
1220
Corrosion resistance
Silicon
0.20.7
Increases strength
2
Spring steels
Higher percentages
Improves magnetic properties
Sulfur
0.080.15
Free-machining properties
Titanium
-
Fixes carbon in inert particles; reduces martensitic hardness in chromium steels
Tungsten
-
Hardness at high temperatures
Vanadium
0.15
Stable carbides; increases strength while retaining ductility; promotes fine grain structure See also
HSLA steel
Microalloyed steel
SAE steel grades
Reynolds 531 References Notes
^ Smith, p. 393.
^ a b Degarmo, p. 112.
^ Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel, http://www.key-to-steel.com/Articles/Art62.htm, retrieved 2008-09-25 .
^ Smith, p. 394.
^ Degarmo, p. 113.
^ Smith, pp. 394-395.
^ Smith, pp. 395-396
^ Degarmo, p. 114. Bibliography
Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4 .
Groover, M. P., 2007, p. 105-106, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes and Systems, 3rd ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, ISBN 978-0-471-74485-6.
Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2001), Foundations of Material Science and Engineering (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, p. 394, ISBN 0-07-295358-6  Categories: Steels

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